Journal: Nature Communications

Article Title: Morphogenesis and cytopathic effect of SARS-CoV-2 infection in human airway epithelial cells

doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-17796-z

Figure Lengend Snippet: a SARS-CoV-2 replication kinetics in HAE from different donors, HCoV-NL63 was used as a control ( n = 3). b Transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER in Ω cm 2 ) between the apical and basal poles was measured at each time point ( n = 3). c SARS-CoV-2 infected both ciliated cells (72 h pi) and secretory cells (72 h pi). arrows: virus particles, arrowhead: cilium, asterisk: secretory vesicle, insets dashed-line squares indicate magnification of arrowed areas. d Costaining of SARS-CoV-2 N protein (green) with ciliated cell marker β-tubulin-IV (red), goblet cell marker Muc5AC (red), club cell marker CCSP (red), and ACE2 (red) positive cells. HCoV-NL63 N protein (green) staining was used as a control (72 h pi). Nuclei were stained with 4’,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) (blue). Data a , b are the means ± s.d. of three independent biological replicates. Source data a – d are provided as a Source Data file.

Article Snippet: ACE2 , Sino biologicals (10108-T56), rabbit polyclona (1:100).

Techniques: Infection, Marker, Staining

Journal: Nature Communications

Article Title: Morphogenesis and cytopathic effect of SARS-CoV-2 infection in human airway epithelial cells

doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-17796-z

Figure Lengend Snippet: Source of antibodies and dyes with work concentration for immunofluorescence.

Article Snippet: ACE2 , Sino biologicals (10108-T56), rabbit polyclona (1:100).

Techniques: Concentration Assay, Immunofluorescence

Journal: Cell Reports

Article Title: Limited extent and consequences of pancreatic SARS-CoV-2 infection

doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110508

Figure Lengend Snippet: Stringent ACE2 requirement for pancreatic islet cell infection with SARS-CoV-2 (A) Representative contour plots gated on live α, β, and “other” cells pre-treated with IgG (irrelevant polyclonal goat antibody AF7197) or the anti-ACE2 blocking antibody AF933 prior to SARS-CoV-2 infection (48 h). (B) Summary of SARS-CoV-2 NP expression by live islet cell subsets as a function of IgG treatment or ACE2 blockade (n = 6 donors). (C) Percent infection inhibition for β and “other” cells (inhibition for α cells is not shown because the very low extent of α cell infection in IgG-treated cultures for 2 of 6 donors substantially skews such calculations). (D) Infectious SARS-CoV-2 titers and extent of infection inhibition following ACE2 blockade (n = 3 donors). (E) Quantification of chemokines and cytokines in UV-inactivated TCS of SARS-CoV-2-infected islet cell cultures under conditions of IgG treatment or ACE2 blockade (48-h infection, n = 3 donors). (F) Infectious SARS-CoV-2 titers in TCS as a function of glucose concentration in islet culture medium (n = 3 donors). (G) Quantification of CXCL10 and CXCL11 in TCS as a function of glucose concentration. All summary bar diagrams represent mean ± SD and scatter for the indicated number of donors; statistical analyses were conducted by paired t test or repeated-measures ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons where applicable (∗, p < 0.05; ∗∗, p < 0.01; ∗∗∗, p < 0.001). All summary bar diagrams represent mean ± SD and scatter for the indicated number of donors; statistical analyses were conducted by paired t test or repeated-measures ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons where applicable.

Article Snippet: Anti-human ACE2 (polyclonal goat IgG Poly5036) - AF647 (in-house conjugation) , Biolegend , Cat# 503602; RRID: AB_2892475.

Techniques: Infection, Blocking Assay, Expressing, Inhibition, Concentration Assay

Journal: Cell Reports

Article Title: Limited extent and consequences of pancreatic SARS-CoV-2 infection

doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110508

Figure Lengend Snippet:

Article Snippet: Anti-human ACE2 (polyclonal goat IgG Poly5036) - AF647 (in-house conjugation) , Biolegend , Cat# 503602; RRID: AB_2892475.

Techniques: Conjugation Assay, Purification, Blocking Assay, Recombinant, Control, Virus, Saline, Modification, Staining, Library Quantification, Antibody Labeling, Flow Cytometry, Software, Cytometry, Sequencing

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: The N-terminal domain of spike glycoprotein mediates SARS-CoV-2 infection by associating with L-SIGN and DC-SIGN

doi: 10.1101/2020.11.05.369264

Figure Lengend Snippet: a, Cells transfected with ACE2, L-SIGN, DC-SIGN, and CD147 (red line) or mock (shaded gray) were stained with SCoV2-NTD-Fc and RBD-Fc fusion protein (10 μg/mL). Each transfectant was also stained with a specific monoclonal antibody. b, Effect of mannan and anti-CD209 (anti-DC-SIGN) antibody on SCoV2-NTD-Fc binding to DC- and L-SIGN transfectants or mock (shaded gray). The transfectants were preincubated with mannan (light blue line) or anti-CD209 antibody (dark blue), followed by the staining with NTD-Fc fusion protein. c, Staining of DC- and L-SIGN transfectants (red line) or mock (shaded gray) with SCoV2-NTD-Fc and SCoV-NTD-Fc fusion proteins (10 μg/mL). d, Cells transfected with flag-tagged spike proteins of SCoV2, SCoV, human coronavirus OC43, or HKU1 (red line) or mock (shaded gray) were stained with DC-, L-SIGN-Fc fusion proteins or anti-Flag-tag antibody. Proportions of the stained cells are shown. Data are representative of three independent experiments.

Article Snippet: Mouse anti-CD209 mAb (clone 9E9A8), mouse IgG2a isotype control antibody (BioLegend, San Diego, CA, USA), mouse anti-L-SIGN mAb (clone 19F7), mouse anti-MHCII (clone WR18) (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Dallas, TX, USA), mouse anti-human ACE2 mAb (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA), rat anti-Flag mAb (Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, MI, USA), mouse anti-human CD14-APC mAb (eBioscience, San Diego, CA, USA), Donkey anti-mouse IgG-APC mAb, anti-human IgG-Fc fragment specific-APC mAb, anti-rat IgG-APC mAb (Jackson ImmunoResearch, West Grove, PA, USA).

Techniques: Transfection, Staining, Binding Assay, FLAG-tag

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: The N-terminal domain of spike glycoprotein mediates SARS-CoV-2 infection by associating with L-SIGN and DC-SIGN

doi: 10.1101/2020.11.05.369264

Figure Lengend Snippet: a, SCoV2-PV infection on DC-SIGN, L-SIGN, mock, or ACE2 transfectants and Vero E6 cells. SCoV2-PV carrying a luciferase gene was used for the infection and luciferase activity was measured 24 h later. Asterisks indicate statistical significance derived from unpaired T-test; * P = 0.0018; ** P = 0.0003 b, DC-SIGN or L-SIGN transfectants were infected with recombinant SCoV2 with the NanoBiT luciferase gene. The luciferase activity was measured 24 h later. Asterisks indicate statistical significance derived from unpaired T-test; * P = 0.001; ** P = 0.0006. c, Cell-cell fusion assay of SCoV2 spike transfectants and DC- or L-SIGN transfectants. The effector cells expressing spike and T7 polymerase were cocultured with target cells expressing DC-SIGN, L-SIGN, mock, and T7 promoter-driven luciferase. Luciferase activities were measured after 24 h. Asterisks indicate statistical significance derived from unpaired T-test *** P <0.0001. d, Cell-cell fusion assay of SCoV2 spike transfectants (red) and DC-SIGN transfectants (green). Representative images are shown. Scale bar represents 50 μm in length. Data are representative of three independent experiments.

Article Snippet: Mouse anti-CD209 mAb (clone 9E9A8), mouse IgG2a isotype control antibody (BioLegend, San Diego, CA, USA), mouse anti-L-SIGN mAb (clone 19F7), mouse anti-MHCII (clone WR18) (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Dallas, TX, USA), mouse anti-human ACE2 mAb (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA), rat anti-Flag mAb (Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, MI, USA), mouse anti-human CD14-APC mAb (eBioscience, San Diego, CA, USA), Donkey anti-mouse IgG-APC mAb, anti-human IgG-Fc fragment specific-APC mAb, anti-rat IgG-APC mAb (Jackson ImmunoResearch, West Grove, PA, USA).

Techniques: Infection, Luciferase, Activity Assay, Derivative Assay, Recombinant, Cell-Cell Fusion Assay, Expressing

Journal: Cell Communication and Signaling : CCS

Article Title: Primary cilium and TULP3-dependent ciliary targeting of ACE2 in SARS-CoV-2 tropism

doi: 10.1186/s12964-025-02519-y

Figure Lengend Snippet: Dysregulated expression of primary cilium-associated genes in SARS-CoV-2 infected patient lung samples. A The Venn diagram presents genome-wide RNA sequencing results from patient lung samples, revealing differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with primary cilium. The DEGs were defined by log2 fold change > 1.5, with adjusted P < 0.05. P values were adjusted using the Benjamini–Hochberg correction. The analysis showing 3,972 DEGs in patient samples and 956 primary cilia-related genes in CiliaCarta, with 129 overlapping genes functionally linked to primary cilium. B The list of 129 ciliary DEGs identified in the SARS-CoV-2 patient lung samples. Gene ranked by the differently expressed level. Blue dots represent down-regulated genes, red dots represent up-regulated genes. Colour gradient and size of dots correlate with the degree of fold change. C Volcano plots of 129 DEGs in the patient lung samples overlap with the genes associated with ciliary functions. DEGs at -log10 > 2 and |log2 fold change|> 2 were indicated. (adjusted p values < 0.05, P values adjusted using the Benjamini–Hochberg correction) 61 up-regulated genes presented as red dots, 68 down-regulated genes presented as blue dots. Top 15 and two prominent ciliary genes ARL13B and ADCY3 are indicated. D Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis for Biological Processes among ciliary DEGs from SARS-CoV-2 patient lung samples. Terms are ranked by their enrichment score, calculated using Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA). E Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) reveals key signaling pathways associated with ciliary DEGs from SARS-CoV-2 patient lungs, ranked by enrichment score. F Ciliary DEGs from SARS-CoV-2 patient lung samples grouped by ciliary functional category. G Venn diagram and table show overlap between ACE2 interactors from BioGRID (979 proteins) and ciliary genes from CiliaCarta (956 genes) and Syscilia (303 genes). 56 and 14 overlapping genes were identified in each cilia database, respectively. Two well-studied ciliary components, namely ARL13B and TULP3 are identified in the intersections (highlighted yellow). H Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis for Biological Processes among ciliary ACE2 interactors. Terms are ranked by their enrichment score, calculated using Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA)

Article Snippet: The primary antibodies used include, anti-ACE2 antibody (1:3000, cat. number: AF933, R&D systems), anti-ARL13B antibody (1:3000, cat. number: 17711–1-AP, Proteintech), anti-IFT88 antibody (1:2000, cat. number: ab42497, Abcam), anti-TULP3 antibody (1:500, cat. number: 13637–1-AP, Proteintech), anti-KIF3A antibody (1:4000, cat. number: ab11259, Abcam), anti-NRP1 antibody (1:1000, cat. number: ab81321, Abcam), anti-GAPDH antibody (1:8000, cat. number: ab8245, Abcam), anti-ß-ACTIN antibody (1:2000, cat. number: sc-47778, Santa Cruz Biotechnology).

Techniques: Expressing, Infection, Genome Wide, RNA Sequencing, Protein-Protein interactions, Functional Assay

Journal: Cell Communication and Signaling : CCS

Article Title: Primary cilium and TULP3-dependent ciliary targeting of ACE2 in SARS-CoV-2 tropism

doi: 10.1186/s12964-025-02519-y

Figure Lengend Snippet: TULP3 colocalizes with ACE2 on the primary cilium axoneme and physically interacts with ACE2. A Representative immunofluorescence images show the accumulation and co-localization of TULP3 and ACE2 on the primary cilium of A549 cells. B Histogram illustrates co-localization profile of endogenous ACE2 and TULP3 expressions on ARL13B-positive cilia axoneme of A549. C Mander’s Coefficients analysis of ACE2 and TULP3 co-localization in cytoplasm versus primary cilia of A549 cell. The data represents quantifications from three independent experiments, with 10–20 data points measured in each experiment. Statistical analysis is performed using Paired Student’s t-Test, Two tailed. P values: ** < 0.01, *** < 0.001, **** < 0.0001. D Representative Western-blot images illustrate the co-IP experiment of ACE2 and TULP3 on ACE2-GFP overexpressing HEK293T cell line. IP: immunoprecipitation; IB: immunoblot. E Graph depicts densitometry analysis of TULP3 signal intensity in ACE2 and IgG immunoprecipitation groups. The data represents quantifications from three independent experiments. Statistical analysis is performed using Unpaired Student’s t-Test, Two tailed. P value * < 0.05. F Graph depicts densitometry analysis of ACE2 signal intensity in TULP3 and IgG immunoprecipitation groups. The data represents quantifications from three independent experiments. Statistical analysis is performed using Unpaired Student’s t-Test, Two tailed. P value * < 0.05. G Representative Western-blot images illustrate the co-IP experiment of ACE2 and ARL13B on ACE2-GFP overexpressing HEK293T cell line. IP: immunoprecipitation; IB: immunoblot. H TULP3–ACE2 interaction interface predicted from AlphaFold3 . TULP3 (light blue, residues 271–430) and ACE2 (light red, residues 749–773) are shown with key interface residues highlighted as sticks (blue for TULP3, red for ACE2). The TULP3 cargo-binding face (β8–β12, highlighted in marine) engages the membrane-proximal ACE2 segment. Yellow dashed lines represent top recurring contacts across models. ACE2 residue I761, involved in all major contacts, is labelled

Article Snippet: The primary antibodies used include, anti-ACE2 antibody (1:3000, cat. number: AF933, R&D systems), anti-ARL13B antibody (1:3000, cat. number: 17711–1-AP, Proteintech), anti-IFT88 antibody (1:2000, cat. number: ab42497, Abcam), anti-TULP3 antibody (1:500, cat. number: 13637–1-AP, Proteintech), anti-KIF3A antibody (1:4000, cat. number: ab11259, Abcam), anti-NRP1 antibody (1:1000, cat. number: ab81321, Abcam), anti-GAPDH antibody (1:8000, cat. number: ab8245, Abcam), anti-ß-ACTIN antibody (1:2000, cat. number: sc-47778, Santa Cruz Biotechnology).

Techniques: Immunofluorescence, Two Tailed Test, Western Blot, Co-Immunoprecipitation Assay, Immunoprecipitation, Binding Assay, Membrane, Residue

Journal: Cell Communication and Signaling : CCS

Article Title: Primary cilium and TULP3-dependent ciliary targeting of ACE2 in SARS-CoV-2 tropism

doi: 10.1186/s12964-025-02519-y

Figure Lengend Snippet: TULP3 regulates ACE2 localization to the primary cilium. A Representative immunofluorescence images showing reduced ACE2 expression on the primary cilium in the shControl and TULP3 KD groups. B Graphs showing reduced ACE2 enrichment ratio in the (top) TULP3 and (bottom) ARL13B KD groups. ACE2 enrichment ratio was calculated as (ACE2 intensity per area on primary cilium)/(ACE2 intensity per area on whole cell). The data represents quantifications from three to four independent experiments, n = 14–17 measurements in each experiment. Statistical analysis is performed using (top) One-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s multiple comparisons and (bottom) Unpaired Student’s t-test. P values: * < 0.05, *** < 0.001, ns = not significant. C Representative immunofluorescence images show ciliary ACE2 expression on the primary cilium in TULP3 WT and TULP3 mut12 overexpression groups (pseudo-color magenta). D Graph shows ciliary ACE2 enrichment ratio in the TULP3 WT rescue and TULP3. mut12 overexpression groups. ACE2 enrichment ratio was calculated as (ACE2 intensity per area on primary cilium)/(ACE2 intensity per area on whole cell). The data represents quantifications from four independent experiments, n = 10–20 measurements in each experiment. Statistical analysis is performed using One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. P values: * < 0.05, ** < 0.01, *** < 0.001, **** < 0.0001

Article Snippet: The primary antibodies used include, anti-ACE2 antibody (1:3000, cat. number: AF933, R&D systems), anti-ARL13B antibody (1:3000, cat. number: 17711–1-AP, Proteintech), anti-IFT88 antibody (1:2000, cat. number: ab42497, Abcam), anti-TULP3 antibody (1:500, cat. number: 13637–1-AP, Proteintech), anti-KIF3A antibody (1:4000, cat. number: ab11259, Abcam), anti-NRP1 antibody (1:1000, cat. number: ab81321, Abcam), anti-GAPDH antibody (1:8000, cat. number: ab8245, Abcam), anti-ß-ACTIN antibody (1:2000, cat. number: sc-47778, Santa Cruz Biotechnology).

Techniques: Immunofluorescence, Expressing, Over Expression

Journal: Cell Communication and Signaling : CCS

Article Title: Primary cilium and TULP3-dependent ciliary targeting of ACE2 in SARS-CoV-2 tropism

doi: 10.1186/s12964-025-02519-y

Figure Lengend Snippet: Schematic diagram illustrating our proposed model. TULP3 functions as a ciliary adaptor protein that governs the targeting of ACE2 to the ciliary axoneme, acting partially through anchoring to the IFT-A transport complex

Article Snippet: The primary antibodies used include, anti-ACE2 antibody (1:3000, cat. number: AF933, R&D systems), anti-ARL13B antibody (1:3000, cat. number: 17711–1-AP, Proteintech), anti-IFT88 antibody (1:2000, cat. number: ab42497, Abcam), anti-TULP3 antibody (1:500, cat. number: 13637–1-AP, Proteintech), anti-KIF3A antibody (1:4000, cat. number: ab11259, Abcam), anti-NRP1 antibody (1:1000, cat. number: ab81321, Abcam), anti-GAPDH antibody (1:8000, cat. number: ab8245, Abcam), anti-ß-ACTIN antibody (1:2000, cat. number: sc-47778, Santa Cruz Biotechnology).

Techniques:

Journal: Cell Communication and Signaling : CCS

Article Title: Primary cilium and TULP3-dependent ciliary targeting of ACE2 in SARS-CoV-2 tropism

doi: 10.1186/s12964-025-02519-y

Figure Lengend Snippet: Attachment and accumulation of the viral spike protein on the ACE2-enriched primary cilium. A Representative immunofluorescence images show the negative control without exposure to spike protein. A ” Histogram illustrating the ciliary co-localization and expression profiles on of spike and ACE2 signals the negative control. B Representative immunofluorescence images show the accumulation and co-localization of viral recombinant spike protein on endogenously expressed ACE2 on the ARL13B. + primary cilium. B ” Histogram illustrating the co-localization and expression profile of three fluorescence channels reflecting viral spike protein, ARL13B and ACE2 respectively, on the primary cilium. C Graph depicts the spike expression intensity on ACE2-negative and ACE2-positive primary cilia. ACE2 pixel intensities per cilia area greater than 500 were defined as ACE2-positive primary cilia, whereas below 500 were counted as ACE2-negative primary cilia. The data represent quantifications from three independent experiments, with n = 10–20 for each group in each experiment. P values: ** < 0.01

Article Snippet: The primary antibodies used include, anti-ACE2 antibody (1:3000, cat. number: AF933, R&D systems), anti-ARL13B antibody (1:3000, cat. number: 17711–1-AP, Proteintech), anti-IFT88 antibody (1:2000, cat. number: ab42497, Abcam), anti-TULP3 antibody (1:500, cat. number: 13637–1-AP, Proteintech), anti-KIF3A antibody (1:4000, cat. number: ab11259, Abcam), anti-NRP1 antibody (1:1000, cat. number: ab81321, Abcam), anti-GAPDH antibody (1:8000, cat. number: ab8245, Abcam), anti-ß-ACTIN antibody (1:2000, cat. number: sc-47778, Santa Cruz Biotechnology).

Techniques: Immunofluorescence, Negative Control, Expressing, Recombinant, Fluorescence

Journal: Cell Communication and Signaling : CCS

Article Title: Primary cilium and TULP3-dependent ciliary targeting of ACE2 in SARS-CoV-2 tropism

doi: 10.1186/s12964-025-02519-y

Figure Lengend Snippet: Host cell entry factors for SARS-CoV-2 are endogenously expressed and enriched in primary cilia across multiple SARS-CoV-2 susceptible cell types. A Representative immunofluorescence images show the endogenous expression of ACE2 (green) on the primary cilium (red) of human lung carcinoma, A549, human retinal pigment epithelial cells (hTERT-RPE1), as well as neuronal cell types namely neuroblastoma, SH-SY5Y, and human induced-pluripotent stem cell derived neural progenitor cells (hiPSC-NPCs) respectively. B The violin plots depict the quantification of the per area expression intensity of ACE2 in the primary cilium in relation to the entire cell. The data represents quantifications from three independent experiments. Statistical analysis is performed using Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank test. P values: ** < 0.01,**** < 0.0001. ~ 10 to 25 cells were analysed in each group of three independent experiments. C The violin plot depicts the percentage of ACE2-expressing primary cilia across different human cell types that are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Data illustrates three to eight independent experiments for each group. Statistical analysis is performed using Kruskal–Wallis Test and Dunn’s multiple comparisons test. P values: * < 0.05, ** < 0.01. D Representative immunofluorescence images showing the endogenous expression of NRP1 (green) on the primary cilium (red) of human lung carcinoma, A549 and hiPSC-NPCs

Article Snippet: The primary antibodies used include, anti-ACE2 antibody (1:3000, cat. number: AF933, R&D systems), anti-ARL13B antibody (1:3000, cat. number: 17711–1-AP, Proteintech), anti-IFT88 antibody (1:2000, cat. number: ab42497, Abcam), anti-TULP3 antibody (1:500, cat. number: 13637–1-AP, Proteintech), anti-KIF3A antibody (1:4000, cat. number: ab11259, Abcam), anti-NRP1 antibody (1:1000, cat. number: ab81321, Abcam), anti-GAPDH antibody (1:8000, cat. number: ab8245, Abcam), anti-ß-ACTIN antibody (1:2000, cat. number: sc-47778, Santa Cruz Biotechnology).

Techniques: Immunofluorescence, Expressing, Derivative Assay, Infection

Journal: Cell Communication and Signaling : CCS

Article Title: Primary cilium and TULP3-dependent ciliary targeting of ACE2 in SARS-CoV-2 tropism

doi: 10.1186/s12964-025-02519-y

Figure Lengend Snippet: Genetic perturbation of primary cilia formation reduces SARS-CoV-2 infection in human host cells. A - B Representative Western blot images and the corresponding graphs show the knockdown efficiency of sh ARL13B and sh IFT88 in the ( A ) A549 and ( B ) RPE1 knockdown cells. Knockdown efficiency was quantified by normalizing the signal intensity of the target protein from each knockdown sample to its respective control group. The data represents quantifications from three independent experiments. Statistical analysis is performed using One-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s multiple comparisons test. P values: * < 0.05, ** < 0.01, *** < 0.001, **** < 0.0001. ns = not significant. Error bar: SD. C Representative immunofluorescence images show a reduced number of ciliated cells in the ARL13B KD and IFT88 KD groups in A549 (top panel) and RPE1 (bottom panel) cell lines. D - E Graphs depict the percentage of primary cilia-bearing (ciliated) cells in the ARL13B KD and IFT88 KD groups in ( D ) A549 and ( E ) RPE1 respectively. The data represents quantifications from five independent experiments. Statistical analysis is performed using One-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s multiple comparisons test. P values: * < 0.05, ** < 0.01, *** < 0.001, **** < 0.0001. ns = not significant. F - G Graphs depict flow cytometry analysis of the relative infection rate of different SARS-CoV-2-GFP pseudovirus variants upon perturbation of primary cilia in the ARL13B - and IFT88- knockdown human lung and retinal cells respectively. The percentage of infected cells was determined by flow cytometry analysis of GFP-positive infected cells. The data represents quantifications from three independent experiments. Each dot represents the mean value of an independent experiment. Statistical analysis is performed using Two-way ANOVA, Tukey's multiple comparisons test. P values: * < 0.05, ** < 0.01, *** < 0.001, **** < 0.0001. ns = not significant. Error bar: S.E.M. H Schematic diagram summarizes the findings, showing that the loss of ACE2-enriched cilia decreases SARS-CoV-2 viral uptake. Created with https://BioRender.com

Article Snippet: The primary antibodies used include, anti-ACE2 antibody (1:3000, cat. number: AF933, R&D systems), anti-ARL13B antibody (1:3000, cat. number: 17711–1-AP, Proteintech), anti-IFT88 antibody (1:2000, cat. number: ab42497, Abcam), anti-TULP3 antibody (1:500, cat. number: 13637–1-AP, Proteintech), anti-KIF3A antibody (1:4000, cat. number: ab11259, Abcam), anti-NRP1 antibody (1:1000, cat. number: ab81321, Abcam), anti-GAPDH antibody (1:8000, cat. number: ab8245, Abcam), anti-ß-ACTIN antibody (1:2000, cat. number: sc-47778, Santa Cruz Biotechnology).

Techniques: Infection, Western Blot, Knockdown, Control, Immunofluorescence, Flow Cytometry